Online Vs. Online Payment System - 1605 Words

Along with the exponential increase in the number of online business transactions over the last decade, the popularity of the online payment system has soared with the realization among vendors and creditors of its growing importance. The growth of the online payment system has served as a foundation in the improvement of the information and in the achievement of paperless operating efficiency. However, the growth and acceptance of the online payment system is still being challenged by varying characteristics of customers and web-systems as well as perspectives on the safety and reliability of this mode of payment. Are online-based systems safe and reliable? The goal of this research paper is to find out more on the opportunities and†¦show more content†¦The percentage of people who don t trust the Internet with the security of their financial information dropped to 8 percent in 2006 from 20 percent in 2004. Meanwhile, the number of those who believe that paying bills onlin e is safer than using paper checks increased during the same period, to 37 percent in 2006 from 24 percent two years earlier (Consumers less concerned, 2006). Compared to traditional payment methods such as check payments, phone payments, or wire transfer payments, online payments are considered better in terms of time and cost efficiency, convenience, and flexibility for people and businesses. The underlying questions that we seek to answer in this research paper is what factors determine how well online clients will accept online payments, measures should be taken by e-vendors to accelerate the acceptance of this technology, and what advantages does this form of payment have over mail payments. Further, it will also be important to consider the negatives of online payments and see whether there are any threats that may affect the credibility of e-payments as alternatives to paying bills by mail. It is a fact that e-commerce cannot thrive without a robust, secure, and well-developed e-payment infrastructure. One of the main issues that have clouded the online-based payments is the issue of trust. A level of fear has always been in online-based systems. However, there are several advantages of online-based systems that

The Physics Of The Atom Essay - 1289 Words

The atom is the building block of every known physical element in existence. Every solid, liquid, gas, plasma has either neutralized or ionized particles. Atoms are tiny in size at around 10 billionths of a meter. The majority of the particles’ mass is the nucleus. The protons possess a positive charge, while electrons have a negative electric charge and neutrons have no electric charge. The atom is the fundamental unit of every element that has the chemical components of the element, consisting of a nucleus, a particular combination of neutrons and protons, and has one or more electrons bound to the core by an electrical charge. The thought that matter is made up of discrete units is a very ancient idea. This idea appears in several ancient cultures such Greece and India. Ancient Greek philosophers first coined the term atom. The Greek philosopher Democritus was the first person to use the word atom; meaning indivisible. He thought that if take any piece of matter and continuously subdivide it, a point would reach where the atom could not be divided anymore. This fundamental unit is what Democritus called an atom. However, these ideas were established based on philosophical and theological reasoning rather than through evidence and experimentation. Therefore, the views expressed by these philosophers on how atoms look like and behave were inconsistent. They were incapable of convincing everybody based on what they thought. Thus, atomism was just one of the many theoriesShow MoreRelatedEssay On Physics After The Discovery Of The Atom888 Words   |  4 PagesPARTICLE PHYSICS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF THE HIGGS The world of physics had been developed a well-established model of the atom. The standard model had been pretty well â€Å"tied up†, with its group of 16 elementary particles and their nice set of rules describing how they should interact. Physicists had observed until the Higgs discovery, 16 of these particles. The crowd was already beginning to desperate for a 17th particle that would send the model in new and wild directions (supposedly). But the HiggsRead MoreThe Physics Of Water And Hydrogen Atoms1196 Words   |  5 PagesWater has a simple molecular structure which consists of one oxygen atom (O) and two hydrogen (H) atoms. As both oxygen and hydrogen have little to no difference in electronegativity and are non-metals they covalently bond by sharing a pair of electrons to complete their outer shell. When the atoms are covalently bonded they form water H2O. As shown in the diagram 1, after sharing two of its valance electrons, oxygen is left with two pairs of electrons available for bonding. 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The Nucleus contains the Protons and Neutrons. The electron Shell Contains the The electrons. There are many Scientist that contributed in the investigation of the atom which are: 1- John DaltonRead MoreAn Extraordinary Man From Demark920 Words   |  4 PagesOn October 7, 1885, an extraordinary man from Demark was born. A baby boy, who was yet to find out the impact he would have on this world. This man was Niels Bohr, and he made fundamental contributions in the way one can understand the atom s structure. In addition to the structure, he also had an impact in the early development in quantum mechanics. His impact not only made a change in history, but also changed the way people looked at the atom’s structure. We can now build and learn from NielsRead MoreNuclear Weapons and Their Linkage with Physics1100 Words   |  4 PagesWeapons and their Linkage with Physics The functioning of nuclear weapons requires understanding the underlying physics beginning with the structure of the atom. 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He had more success with younger physicists like Australian William Lawrence Bragg, and New Zealand’s Ernest Rutherford, whose 1911 Rutherford method of the atom had challenged Thomson’s 1904 plum pudding

Nutrition and Behaviour Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Food Nutrition and Behaviour. Answer: Analysis and critique of the Health Belief Model Health belief model is a psychological health performance alter framework, which has been established for clearing up and predicting health associated attitudes, especially related to health service usage. The model was developed by a social psychologist at U.S. public health service in 1950s (3).The health belief model tells about individuals beliefs and perceptions about health problems, professed remuneration of action and obstacles to action along with the self effectiveness for appointment in health promoting deeds. The model says that a cue to action, i.e. trigger or stimulus should also be present for influencing the health promoting behaviour. The theoretical construct includes following seven elements: Figure: Health belief Model (Source: 3) Perceived severity- This element refers to the subjective evaluation of the severity of a health issue and its potential consequences. The model tells that individual perceiving a health issue more severe is expected to engage in potent health behaviours for preventing the disease. If individual is believes that the severity of malnutrition of food choice related health issues is high, they are more likely to modify their food behaviour (2). Perceived susceptibility- It is referred to subjective assessment of risk of developing a health issue. The model demonstrates that individual, who perceives their susceptibility towards a health issue, engages in such behaviour that would reduce the risk of developing the particular health issue. Therefore, if individual believe that they are susceptible to health issues due to their food choice or behaviour, they would more prone to modify their food choice (3). Perceived benefits- It is referred to individuals efficacy of being engaged in a health promoting behaviour for reducing the risk of disease development. Thus, health related behaviours are also promoted by the perceived benefits of action. Individual, who understands the benefits of eating green vegetables instead of street foods, is more likely to include green vegetables in their diet than the individual who does not know that (4) . Perceived barriers- Alike the perceived benefits, perceived barriers can prevent individual to take action for health related behaviour, instead of being aware of the severity of health issue and positive effect of the health behaviour. For instance, if an individual is aware of the bitter taste of a healthy food, he will attempt to avoid the food, instead of knowing its healthy nature (3). Modifying variables- Modifying variables like individuals habitat, demographic, psychosocial or structural variables can affect individuals perceptions. Food choice varies among people to people, society to society, in different contexts (6). Cues to action- The HBM suggests that the presence of stimuli, trigger or the cue of action can significantly promote health related behaviour within an individual. Motivational talks, promotions or social media advertisements can work as stimuli to promote individuals food choice. Self efficacy- This component was added later with the four components of the model, where it has been depicted that self-efficacy is the belief of an individual about the ability to perform behaviour successfully. Individual, love to consume fried street food, may perceive that he would not be able to consume a healthy diet with full of vegetables, totally excluding street foods, which may hinder his healthy food choice (4). However, there are several factors contributing human food choice behaviours. HBM addresses a range of factors influencing individuals decision and behaviour, but unable to predict the full range of food-choice behaviours. The model tries to forecast health related behaviours by considering personal differences in belief and attitudes. It does not include environment factors, which are out of individuals control; it does not deem the force of emotions on health related behaviour (2). Moreover, the model does not tell how constructs of model interact with one another. Sometimes, food choices are unrelated to health which cannot be explained through this model. 2.Alternative drivers of human food choice There are several factors, which can drive the food choices of individual. For instance, besides the demographic information, appearance of food, i.e. taste, smell, texture is also important determinants of food choice. The physiological factors age, sex, body size, metabolic rate, health status, level of physical activity, pregnancy, lactation, hormonal secretions, use of drugs, physiological comparisons and general health status are significant drivers of food choice. Environmental factors include traditions, peer or family influence, media promotion, awareness about diet-health relationships, food environment or eating environment. Some food consumption is related to celebration, security or emotional status (5). Food accessibility is another factor that significantly drives individual food choice. It was claimed that women acts as a gatekeeper of family food patterns, though the concept is being changed nowadays. Some studies showed the prestige value of foods as a driver of food choice. Income is a key driver that promotes the decision about the food choice, which is linked to the SES of an individual or family (4). Urbanization is a key factor that drives the food choice, as it is also linked with the income and SES. Other alternative drivers include trade liberalization, overgrown transnational food corporations, retailing as well as food industry marketing. The above drivers have significant contribution in different contexts for deciding individuals or groups food choice behaviour. However, these factors have not been considered in health belief model. 3.Alternative model of food choice An alternative model that can address the above mentioned drivers and limitations found in HBM, is the Food choice process model, which shows a significant interaction among the drivers of food choice. The model includes 3 main components of food choice, i.e. life courses, influences and personal food system. These three components cover all the aspects influencing food choice. Figure: Food process model (Source: 1) Life course proceedings and experiences- These are the factors that are acquired throughout individuals life and affect their food consumption pattern and food choice. These include: Trajectories- These are the key life course concepts and includes individuals persistent opinion, judgment, strategies, and actions as she approached choice like family cuisine. Transition- These are the shifts in a persons life course leading to changes in food choice trajectories, like migration, marriage, workplace change or shift from childhood to adolescence (7). Turning points- These are the major transitions leading to reconstruction of food choices, like a post surgery diet routine. Timing- Timing is considered when transitions for turning points occur. It also has a significant impact upon determining the influences. Contexts- Contexts are referred to the situations, which influences the living patterns along with the behaviour and food choices of individual. Contexts are of two types, i.e. macro level and micro level. The macro level contexts include societal, civilizing, political, financial and other circumstances facilitating and restraining constancy or changes in the food choice trajectories of individuals. On the other hand, the micro level contexts include families, friends, schools, universities, workplaces, communities, and other social and physical structures that shape food choice trajectories (8). Influences on food choice- Influences are categorized in five components, which are as follows: Cultural ideas- It includes the system of rules, plans and regulations in the community used as orientation points by persons to evaluate and critic food behaviours. Persona factors- These include the features of persons influencing their food choice behaviours and decisions like genetic predisposition to disease, sensory sensitivity to food tastes, food preferences, personality, gender roles, parent responsibilities etc (3). Resources- These are the possessions people believe for making food choice decision like income, wealth, equipment, space, skills, knowledge, relationships, connections, values, traditions etc. Social factors- These include social relationship system for individual that can constrain or facilitate food choice decisions like, eating with co-workers, family support to eat healthy (2). Present context- These include the current scenario, where the individual is developing food choices like economic conditions, government policies, and mass media, climate, physical structures etc. Personal food system- It includes the cognitive methods for choosing food, which can guide food consumption behaviours like food choice principles, arbitration and pondering food choice values, categorization of foods and situation etc. In addition, personal process of food choice also includes strategy, routines and script development for recurring food decisions. Food choice values include taste, cost, health, convenience, health, overseeing affairs and feelings attached to it (5). Prioritizing these values, people negotiate and balance their food choices. On the other hand, food choice strategies comprise removal, limitation, replacement, calculation, amendment and routinization, making food selection more automatic or habitable. Comparing these two models, i.e. the HBM and food process model, it has been revealed that HBM is covering all the aspects regarding the perceptions regarding human health, however, this model does not include several alternative drivers of human food choice and behaviour. These drivers have been addressed by the food process model, i.e. it addresses the emotional, social, environmental, physical as well as contextual factors that can influence the food behaviour of an individual. It also shows the link between these factors, which is also not shown adequately in HBM. 4.Critique of proposed model of food choice Although the above discussed mode addresses several alternative drivers of food choices along with the impact of these drivers on individuals life and management, no model is perfect. However, this model does not include food accessibility or availability related factors or drivers, but these factors should be considered, because food choice is critically dependent upon the availability of food (8). Reference List Furst T, Connors M, Bisogni CA, Sobal J, Falk LW. Food choice: a conceptual model of the process. Appetite. 1996 Jun 30;26(3):247-66. Sobal, J., Bisogni, C. A., Devine, C. M., Jastran, M. (2006). A conceptual model of the food choice process over the life course.Frontiers in Nutritional Science,3, 1. Green, E. C., Murphy, E. (2014). Health belief model.The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society. Ayele, K., Tesfa, B., Abebe, L., Tilahun, T., Girma, E. (2012). Self care behavior among patients with diabetes in Harari, Eastern Ethiopia: the health belief model perspective.PloS one,7(4), e35515. Kim, H. S., Ahn, J., No, J. K. (2012). Applying the Health Belief Model to college students' health behavior.Nutrition research and practice,6(6), 551-558. Ogden, J. (2012).Health psychology. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Salmon, S. J., Fennis, B. M., de Ridder, D. T., Adriaanse, M. A., De Vet, E. (2014). Health on impulse: when low self-control promotes healthy food choices.Health Psychology,33(2), 103. Mann, J., Truswell, S. (2012).Essentials of human nutrition. Oxford University Press.

The number of older, more nontraditional college students are growing Essay Example For Students

The number of older, more nontraditional college students are growing Essay No matter how old or young one is; it is never too late to start working toward an educational goal in becoming a college graduate! Remember the dream within us sits waiting to spread forth and become a reality. It is only the lack of belief in ourselves that stops us from achieving those things with the heart, and it is only through our own understanding, ability and perseverance that we see them become realities. Until then, they are little more than visions in a crystal ball, with no chance of development. Some would-be students believe it is too difficult to pursue a college degree, believing they are not smart enough or personally powerful enough to see a degree through. And, no doubt, it is no walk in the park, but is and will be the most personally fulfilling and rewarding experience and personal achievement that life will bring, second only to a beautiful, long lasting marriage or having children to share ones life with. We will write a custom essay on The number of older, more nontraditional college students are growing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first step in achieving ones college goal, is believing in yourself and making a commitment to yourself and education that no matter what the next few years bring in personal circumstance or situation that ones priority is achieving their college dream, and nothing will stand in ones way in achieving them. It is only the student with this most positive and certain attitude that will succeed. Otherwise, difficult circumstances and situations are sure to arise, and without this attitude, students are sure to follow a voice within them that says, Its too difficult, why not just quit! And that will be the end of that. But with a positive and certain goal the voice within will remind the student of the dream, the band playing pomp and circumstance and the diploma in hand. And the struggle will seem well worth it. According to the National Center for Education Statistics NCES, by 2010, 16 million people will be enrolled in American colleges and universities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" over half of them adults. Not Your Average College Freshman Why return to school? Some people want to finish a degree begun earlier in life but interrupted by career decisions or family responsibilities. Others decide to begin a graduate or post-graduate program after a long hiatus away from school. And among adult workers, and emphasis on continuous learning as a way to keep ones competitive edge in the work world is inspiring many to hit the books again. New Demands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and New Prospects Going back to school can be exciting turning point à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" as well as cause for trepidation. Having been away from school for a long time, or never having been a college student before, many older students are unsure of what to expect and how to get the most out of their degree program. Luckily, todays students have a wide array of program options à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" including virtual universities, distance learning, self-paced study, and corporate education and training programs. Some programs mix classroom and independent study, while others let one attend classes on weekends. Yet other schools let one earn life-experience credits. Tips and Tools for Returning to School With so many choices, how should one choose a program? And how might one cope with the demands of course work? Here are some helpful tips: Shop around for the degree program that best suits ones schedule and ones learning style. Once a potential program is found, dont be afraid to ask the school lots of questions! Study skills rusty Ask the office of continuing education at ones school to recommend on-campus study-skills seminars. Many colleges offer study advice. Establish a firm schedule for studying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and stuck to it. But take breaks, too. Join a discussion or study group with other adult students in the program. Better yet, start one yourself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" youll be amazed at how much youll learn about teamwork and leadership! Learn how to use the Internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ its an essential research tool for all college students today. .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad , .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad .postImageUrl , .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad , .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad:hover , .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad:visited , .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad:active { border:0!important; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad:active , .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd18d188429eb83423d6550e0fc15dad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analytical Chemistry EssayIn 1996, there were nearly 1. 500 two-year colleges in the United States, with total enrollment of approximately 5. 5 million full-and part-time students. This enrollment accounted for about 45 percent of the nations undergraduates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" up from 31 percent in 1970. More than 60 percent of the students attending two-year colleges were enrolled part-time, as compared with 30 percent of students attending four-year universities. Community college students tend to be older than the typical college student. The average age is 32. While 61 percent of the four-year college population is less than 25 years old, only 50 percent of the two-year college population is. One-in-Four College Student Will be Older Age 35+ By 2001 1993, 44 percent of students were over 25, and 2 out of 3 were women. 1970, 27. 8 percent of students were over 25 years of age. 1980, 37. 8 percent of students were over 25 years of age. If current trends continue, adults will outnumber traditional 17-23 aged students by the end of the next decade. More adults are trading thrills of life for a higher education. Preparing to Return Preparation is perhaps the most important factor separating successful students, at any age. Some of the steps that one might follow include: Earn A High School Diploma If you have never finished high school à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for whatever reason à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" you can still earn a high school credential by either taking the GED Tests or enrolling in an alternative high school program. A high school diploma, or its equivalent, is a prerequisite for entering most degree programs. Call The National Institute for Literacy hotline for a GED or other adult education program near you at 1-800-228-8813. Nine out of ten colleges accept a GED diploma as equivalent to a traditional high school diploma. GED scores will provide registrars and admissions officers with a better idea with strengths and weaknesses. Brush Up on Study Skills Like many adults who start college after being out of school for a while, some subjects may feel a little rusty. Many schools typically have programs to help enhance those skills to optimize ones chances for success. More than 75 percent of colleges and universities offer programs to help brush up ones studying skills. Dont worry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" you wont be alone; 46 percent of students in these types of classes are over the age of 22. Depending on ones comfort level, courses can be taken on campus or through distance education. Check with the local community college to see what types of courses are offered. Ask Questions Before Filling an Application Contact the admissions office at the colleges that are of interest to ones goals before beginning the formal admissions process to ask any questions about academic skill levels, family or career concerns, or any other questions that are of concern. Its a good idea to make an appointment to find out exactly what will be expected in order to gain admission. Choosing the Right Program For most adult learners, choosing the right program means finding a good fit between an academic experience and the kind of skills, knowledge, and credential that will help them meet their career goals. Once the career goals have been established, determine what type of educational experience will help achieve those objectives. Do you need a few courses, a professional credential, an associates degree, a bachelors degree, or a graduate degree? Learning from a Distance Distance education and online courses now enable many adults to earn degrees at home or through their workplace. Distance learning enables one to learn in a variety of flexible formats such as videoconferencing, television-assisted courses, and online programs delivered over the Internet. If you own a computer or have access to one, there are thousands of programs available, ranging form degree programs that are delivered entirely online to programs that integrate online learning into traditional courses. Whatever is chosen, make sure that the program has received the approval of a recognized accreditation agency. .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 , .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 .postImageUrl , .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 , .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811:hover , .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811:visited , .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811:active { border:0!important; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811:active , .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811 .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c650a0a77e5473f5eb6b63b91e4b811:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Model Innovation – State of the Art and Future Challenges for the Field EssayLearning Styles Most studies show that adults can learn just as efficiently online as in a lecture hall, but researchers also agree that participants in distance education programs need to be self-motivated. Make sure when choosing this type of learning style, one must be comfortable with both the technology involved and the ability to keep on track with completion of course requirements. Tips for a Successful Online Experience 1. Keep open minded about sharing life, work, and education experiences as part of the learning process. 2. Communicate through ones writing. 3. Be self-mot ivated and self-disciplined. . Willing to speak up if problems arise. 5. Are willing and able to commit 4 to 15 hours per week per course. 6. Can meet the minimum requirements for the program, whether traditional or online. 7. Can accept critical thinking and decision-making as part of the learning process. 8. Have access to a computer and modem. 9. Are able to think ideas through before responding. 10. Believe that high quality learning can take place without going to traditional classrooms. Myths and Realities about Going to College as an Adult Myth: College is for young people. Adults dont fit in. Reality: Today, College is for everyone. Almost 6 million people are 25 years of age or older which is forty percent of all American college students. Further, the U. S. Department of Education estimates that 90 million individuals participate in some form of adult education each year, including training and basic education offered outside traditional higher education. Myth: Going to school part-time, youll never complete a degree. Reality: One of the ways that institutions have accommodated adult learners is by devising alternate schedules that allow students to complete more classes in the same amount of time.

The Representation of Women and Men in the film Gran Torino Essay Example

The Representation of Women and Men in the film Gran Torino Essay Before current expectations of gender equality, men and women have often had very different perceptions placed upon them due simply to their sex. Women were expected to be compliant, nurturing and passive and societal expectations included marriage and primary responsibility for child rearing. Men were typically expected to be strong, decisive and brave, with the ability to take care of and protect their family. People who did not conform to these stereotypes were often marginalized by society.Films often represent women and men in ways that challenge the traditional gender roles held by our society. One such film, Clint Eastwoods Gran Torino, challenges audiences views about the independence of women and the leadership roles and masculinity associated with men, young and old.In the film we are presented with four main characters; the older male Walt Kowalski who is a strong and dominant man; the young male Thao Vang Lor, a submissive, feeble man; the older woman Grandmother Phong, t he matriarchal leader of the Lor family; and Sue Lor, a free spirited young woman with the courage and will to stand against the aggressive gang culture around her.Eastwood constructs his female characters to embody ideas of social independence and leadership, which challenges traditional values about women in society. Sue Lor and Grandmother Phong, stand up for themselves against their male counterparts in the film when they try to assert their dominance. This can be seen in the scene where Walt confronts Grandmother Phong, attempting to emphasise his dominance by spitting, traditionally a habit associated with strong men. The expectation is for Phong to back down from the show of dominance, but instead she spits an even larger amount than Walt; a direct signal to the audience of Phongs sense of equality.Grandmother Phong is the head of the Lor family and the female equivalent of Walt, as Walt is the head of his family. She is often portrayed sitting in a rocking chair on the Lors veranda, watching the neighbourhood, and chewing beetle juice, a substance chewed by men in Myanmar to show dominance and leadership. These activities are similar to the activities that Walt is revealed to do, such as drinking beer on the porch and chewing beef jerky, and the similarities shown between the two characters directs the audience to not only equate Phong with Walts character, but with the masculinity he displays, and to see female leadership as natural and right.We can see that Eastwood means to portray the females of Gran Torino as intelligent, quick thinking girls who have the courage to stand up to men when Sue is confronted with Spiders gang for the first time.Spider: This is my little cousin, Sue.Smokie: Hey, Sue how old are you, girl?Sue: Mentally, Im way too old for you. Im going inside.Spider: Thats right, go inside while the men talk.Sue: Yeah, thats exactly what Im doing, Fong.Her snappy, sarcastic comments, even when Spider suggests she should listen to men an d leave, which would re-affirm the traditional representation of woman as submissive, illustrates how Sue is intelligent and independent; she doesnt follow the orders of her family and especially not the orders of older men in her household. This female independence shown goes against traditional representation of women as weak and submissive characters that should always follow the orders of men.Female dominance is also seen when Sue is on the streets and is surrounded and threatened by three men. Instead of submitting, Sue fights verbally back at the three attackers, insulting their masculinity and provoking their anger.Tall gang member: This Oriental yummy for me? Dont worry; Ill take good care of her.Sue: Great, another asshole with a fetish for Asian girls. God, it gets so old.Tall gang member: Whats your name, girl?Sue: My name? Its take your crude, overly obvious come-on to every woman who walks past and cram it. Thats my name.From these scenes we are shown a woman who believ es it is her right to be able to walk down the street without being assaulted. This portrayal of women as fighters who can hold themselves against men and are considered to be equal is prevalent in the film, and the idea of strong women challenges a traditional societal view that woman should be submissive to men and that men are the stronger sex who should be the protectors.However, Gran Torino also presents women as vulnerable and unable to protect those that they love when we are presented with Sues encounter with the African American gang, and then the sexual assault of Sue by the Hmong gang. In both scenarios, Sue is singled out, because of her attitude towards abusive men or her connections to Thao, and is assaulted, verbally and physically, by the gangs.The assault of such a strong woman as Sue, by a gang of males, shows to the audience the idea that woman are physically vulnerable and need to be protected, as they cannot do it themselves. The assault of Sue intends to show t he audience that no matter how emotionally strong a woman is, men can always use physical strength to dominate, therefore acknowledging the notion that women are weak and in need of protection. The idea of vulnerable women reinforces a traditional societys expectations of women in need of protection. The portrayal of Sues loss of strength and power is included in the film as the catalyst for her brother Thao to transform from a weak male character to a stronger one who can be seen as beneficial to society.Men, such as Walt Kowalski, are represented in the film as aggressive, judgmental, crude, forceful characters who dominate; they are the strong leaders who are needed to protect the society they live in. They are presented as essential to society as the women and those with women like qualities and too weak and cannot protect themselves. This is seen when Sue is being assaulted by both the African American and Hmong gang members. Walt, who holds racial prejudice towards Sue and her family, drives by and rescues Sue from the verbal assault from the African American gang, rescuing her from a dangerous situation that she could not have escaped from herself.Walt also warns the gang about the consequences of crossing a man such as himself;Ever notice how you come across somebody once in a while you shouldnt have messed with? Thats me.Walt is also shown as a hero after the sexual assault of Sue and the drive by shooting on the Lors house; he defeated the Hmong gang by sacrificing himself and is killed so that Sue and Thao are protected from the Hmong gang in the future. The act of sacrificing himself to save others invites the audiences to see Walts character as brave, loyal and fiercely protective of Sue and Thao, and these characteristic reflect back upon the representation of men.The threatening warning and the self sacrifice, as well as many other of Walts actions, sets him up as the alpha male of the neighbour hood; the leader and the protector. The assertion of Walt as a leader and a guardian reinforces traditional societal views of males as dominant individuals and invites audiences to relate to Walt as his characterisation supports societys expectations of men.The scene after the birth ritual of the family, when Grandmother Phong is discussing how her daughter should remarry, addresses the idea of men who do not possess strength.Phong: Theres no man in this house, thats why my daughter should remarry. Being a second wife is better than having a woman be the head of the household.Man: What about Thao?Phong: What about him?Man: Hes the man in the house.Phong: Thaos not a man. Look at him in the kitchen, washing dishes like a woman. Even his sister gives him orders and he obeys.Phongs description of Thao doing jobs like a woman is meant as an insult to Thao, illustrating that it is weak and passive to be a sympathetic male character; this characterisation goes against societys traditional views of strong male characters. However, it also shows us that even though Grandmother Phong has assumed the leadership role in her family and her granddaughter Sue is following her lead, she still believes it would be beneficial to have a man as the head of her household; one more stereotypically male than her grandson who practices obedience and submissiveness to the women in his family. This re-affirms the idea that a strong male leader is needed for families to be successful, and it also reaffirms societal views of males.We can see that male characters in the film are represented as both strong, manly leaders of society, such as Walt, and weak, submissive individuals such as Thao, and therefore both reinforce and challenge traditional expectations of men by society.While we see the two older characters of Walt and Grandmother Phong ultimately maintaining their traditional gender roles, we see a caring and self sacrificing side to Walts nature, and a stoic side to grandmother Phong. We also see the two younger characters of Th ao and Sue display gender roles that encompasses both typically male and female characteristics.The film Gran Torino ultimately shows us four characters that, through a tragic series of events, display a range of gender identities that challenge and reinforce the traditional views of society.

Free Essays on Teenage Violence In Schools

Teenage Violence in Schools Teenage violence in schools has become a tremendous concern to many people. School violence over the past number of years has been increasing and family life, the things that occur in schools and the neighborhoods that the teenagers (that commit the crimes or violent acts) live in are some of the major factors. These are not necessarily the only causes to teenage violence. Family Lifestyle and the behavior of members within the family have been shown to have a direct affect on a teenager’s behavior in school. A child can be influenced very easily by any older person, especially a family member, because he always looks up to that family member. If a person in the family is involved in a criminal activity then the children can be turned on by this and become interested in doing the same thing. If the guardian or parent of a teenager does not punish him for doing something wrong, this can only lead to repetition of the bad behavior. Failure to stop a child from doing something wrong could lead the child to believe that his behavior is acceptable. Also, a child thinks that the people that are supposed to love him don’t even care that he is doing something bad so he will continue to do it. Teenagers also commit acts of violence to get their parents’ attention. If parents ignore what their teenagers are doing, then the teenagers will con tinue to do more negative things just to get their parents to notice them. Another reason why family lifestyle is a cause to teen violence is, if the teenager is abandoned at a young age than there is no one to teach him wrong and right (Kim 82). There are many different situations that can occur in school that can cause teenagers to do violent things. When a student has an argument with other students or a teacher that student may only know how to deal his anger by striking out. Often, teenagers do not know how to talk things out and instead, react violently. If a teen... Free Essays on Teenage Violence In Schools Free Essays on Teenage Violence In Schools Teenage Violence in Schools Teenage violence in schools has become a tremendous concern to many people. School violence over the past number of years has been increasing and family life, the things that occur in schools and the neighborhoods that the teenagers (that commit the crimes or violent acts) live in are some of the major factors. These are not necessarily the only causes to teenage violence. Family Lifestyle and the behavior of members within the family have been shown to have a direct affect on a teenager’s behavior in school. A child can be influenced very easily by any older person, especially a family member, because he always looks up to that family member. If a person in the family is involved in a criminal activity then the children can be turned on by this and become interested in doing the same thing. If the guardian or parent of a teenager does not punish him for doing something wrong, this can only lead to repetition of the bad behavior. Failure to stop a child from doing something wrong could lead the child to believe that his behavior is acceptable. Also, a child thinks that the people that are supposed to love him don’t even care that he is doing something bad so he will continue to do it. Teenagers also commit acts of violence to get their parents’ attention. If parents ignore what their teenagers are doing, then the teenagers will con tinue to do more negative things just to get their parents to notice them. Another reason why family lifestyle is a cause to teen violence is, if the teenager is abandoned at a young age than there is no one to teach him wrong and right (Kim 82). There are many different situations that can occur in school that can cause teenagers to do violent things. When a student has an argument with other students or a teacher that student may only know how to deal his anger by striking out. Often, teenagers do not know how to talk things out and instead, react violently. If a teen...

Corporate involvement in public shool such as snack vending machines Research Paper

Corporate involvement in public shool such as snack vending machines - Research Paper Example For example, before the advent of vending machines, employees used to leave their offices or workstations while students departed from the school’s main buildings in order to go and make a purchase of either cigarettes, snacks, lottery tickets, alcohol, or cologne from the small shops that were located within the vicinity, which were been manned by attendants or shopkeepers. However, with technological advancement and the subsequent development of vending machines, which dispenses such small products mentioned above after customers inset authentic money on the machine, it was no longer viable to establish or even maintain small shops around public places such as school or office compounds. The development of vending machines presented retailers with an opportunity to sell their assorted products at more convenient locations using branded vending machines, and according to Salyers, this has further provided retailers with an opportunity to market themselves in specific target m arkets (28-29). Because of this business interest, corporations have become more involved in the affairs of schools particularly because of their vending machine services, and this presents both negative and positive impact in public schools. Positive impact of the involvement of corporations in public schools

Roanoke Island Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Roanoke Island - Research Paper Example The race for the newly discovered world, comprising of the modern day Americas, began in the later part of the 16th century. England had made numerous attempts to claim land across the Atlantic, long before it even won its conquest over Spain. For instance, in the year 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert laid claim over Newfoundland on behalf of the reigning Queen Elizabeth I. However, Sir Gilbert died before he could establish a colony. In the subsequent year, the Queen commissioned Sir Walter Raleigh to arrogate land in newly discovered North America. Sir Raleigh’s expedition was intended to ensure that England had a colony that would enable it to have a grip on the Americas. The foothold would also make it possible for England to exploit available resources, convert pagans to Christianity, claim territory and institute a base from which to strategically attack Spanish ships. However, as a result of poor associations with the indigenous populace, improper geographical timing of colony establishment and inefficient links with the parent country due to foreign conflicts, the settlers of this original English-American colony were destined to fail. The initiative of colonizing the North American coast was set in motion soon after Queen Elizabeth one gave an official charter to Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a colony in a suitable location. After acquiring formal approval from the Queen in 1584, Sir Raleigh created and funded a scouting expedition with the sole mandate of exploring the American coastline and finding a perfect spot to establish the proposed colony. The scout team, led by Captains Arthur Barlow and Phillip Amadas came back with a positive report of the location, that is, Roanoke Island; a land mass off the shore of contemporary North Carolina. The scouts described the Island with glowing terms, praising it for its fertility and pleasant nature. They also reported that Roanoke was occupied by friendly and loving people. Judging from the enthusiastic report, Raleigh and others decided that the Island’s sheltered and secure shores formed a perfect location to establish England’s maiden colony in this N ew World. In the year 1985, after receiving the Queen's financial support and blessing, the first boatload of colonists set sail for the North American coast (Clark n.pg). The initial 100 men, who went to Roanoke Island primarily comprised of soldiers. The men established a settlement on the northern side of Roanoke Island and immediately built a fort. Since they did not have sufficient supplies, these initial colonists exchanged trinkets and beads to the native populace for food and other basic necessities (Clark n.pg). As winter began and food increasingly became scarce, tension heightened between the locals and the English settlers. The expeditions also deteriorated the original kindness that the Native Americans felt toward the settlers. This is because the colonists regularly abducted tribal leaders with the intent of holding them in exchange for scarce supplies. The English settlers treated the locals with disrespect in spite of the fact that they relied on them for basic supp lies. After suffering such a difficult winter, the supply ships still did not arrive as expected in spring. By this time there was actual conflict between the locals and the settlers. Following the constant war with Native Americans, deprivation of food and becoming impatient waiting for the overdue supplies fleet, the colonists decided to travel back home. The overdue supply ships arrived just two weeks later and found the colony abandoned. The fleet left about 15 men to take care of the English settlement in readiness for the next group or recruits (Kupperman 12-25). After the first failure, Sir Raleigh decided to take another attempt at English settlement in Roanoke. During this second attempt, which took place in 1587, Raleigh chose to mix up the prospective English settlement. The recruits comprised of ninety one men, seventeen women and nine children (Kupperman

School and Society- assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

School and Society- assignment - Essay Example e and size of the American society and its level of diversity, education has a broad role to play in addressing vital issues such as the levels of education in the ethnic and underprivileged sections of the society. It is next to impossible to do so without understanding the ramifications of the range of social and administrative measures in the aid of education, adopted by the American society from time to time. Q 1. Describe the perspectives of liberal and vocational education in the development of the comprehensive high schools. Provide examples of how each has helped to shape the role of education in the United States. How do they continue to impact contemporary education? Ans. Considering the rapid changes being unleashed in the 21st century and the basic societal issues, challenges and opportunities that the students have to contend with in an American and a global context, it is important to seriously meditate on the ingredients of the curriculum that will enable the students to lead a positive, productive and meaningful life. Thus it is imperative to expose the students to a wide range of disciplines (U.S. Newswire 1). In that sense, liberal education has played a groundbreaking role in the development of comprehensive high schools in the US. The augmenting need for increasing pragmatism in the 21st century America cannot dilute the importance of traditional liberal education in the schools. However, one cannot underestimate the need for vocational education in schools. Vocational education in tandem with liberal education prepares the individuals to be productive leaders and workers who adhere to a sound ethical background. The signing of the Voc ational Education Act by President Lyndon Johnson gave way to the most comprehensive vocational education program in the history of America. Q2. Compare the major educational recommendations of James B. Conant with those advocated by Mark Van Doren in the article â€Å"Education for All†, assessing their relative

The Nature Versus Nurture Debate Psychology Essay

The Nature Versus Nurture Debate Psychology Essay The present studies have come to conclude that nature and nurture are inextricable. Both nature and nurture a reciprocal complement to do all the work of determining development. It is extremely unlikely that there are no human being without genetic material to shape the growth and cell differentiation before conception. This means that genetic effects are not only pervasive but necessary. However, it is hard to describe that all process of genetic modification is dominated by genetic influences. Because, environmental factors are inextricably relative with shaping organization as well as affect organization to survive. Both reciprocal genetic and environmental factors influence on individual heritability as well as cognitive ability (Bouchard McGue, 1998). In human behavioral perspective, multifactorial human traits and psychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia are good evidences to explain the relationship the genetic with the environmental sources. A parent which have undergone disrupt family function are highly prone to their child to have the risk of developing antisocial traits. The reason is that the parents genes bring out environmental risks, and these risks contribute to a child to expose to risky environments either directly or indirectly. In other words, their offspring genes that were genetic-environment correlated may cause a psychological characteristic to rise and a nurtured environment for that characteristic to develop further (Bouchard McGue, 1998). Behavioral scientist can be understand most psychiatric disorders using this approach, but it will require more psychosocial researches that manifest close correlation between both genetic-environment and human traits through the multidisciplinary association and, particularly for geneticists and psychosocial researchers (Bouchard McGue). Recent most psychologists tend to accept the idea that nature and nurture can act mutually and both of them influence on heritability. However, in the beginning of nature-nurture concept, Francis Galton carried his thesis that intellectual ability is largely genetically rather than environmentally determined and that the parents genius transmit their offspring was the result of a natural superiority through his book, Hereditary Genius (1869) (Mcleod, 2007). By an examination of a large group of eminent people in different fields, Galton attempted to survey their relatives in order to reveal their relatives how many of them were superior for enough stars. He calculated the rate of eminent people in various degrees of similarity to the initial famous people. These findings were showed human breeding were able to manipulate to produce superior people as well as eliminating or excluding biologically inferior people were necessary for improve quality of the human race. His thesis has unassailable weaknesses that his findings were overly influenced by the British practice of primogeniture and by his inclusion of People  who can define  Well-thought-of  as geniuses (Rothenberg, 2005).His researches were limited to comparing offspring from different families, largely due to a lack of available data.  Furthermore, his hypothesis of direct hereditary transmission of eminent genius was over interpretation; because that hereditary genius was close not a matter of certainties but possibilities of a judge. Even in the biologically superior society that he hoped for, consequences could not be expected with certainty for individual cases. It is also possible that he had already exposed the lack of accuracy study due to Galtons lack of interest in natural history. Nevertheless, he was a first pioneer who not only defines the modern conception of the nature-nurture dichotomy but established both the theoretical and statistical science foundations of beh avior genetics, and promoted the idea and potential value of intelligence testing (Fancher, 2009). In the present Rothenberg study (2005), he verified the still-influential statistical studies of Frances Galton on the inheritance of genius as well as surveyed the family background factors in order to evaluate empirically the hypothesis  of  hereditary transmission of genius or creativity. He collected family background occupational data from the group of 435 Nobel laureates were engaged in natural science fields such as chemistry, physics, medicine and physiology from 1901 through 2003. These for same parent-offspring occupations were compared with a matching group of 548 eminent people with noncreative occupations and also with 560 outstanding non prize winners for general population occupation. The study revealed that both family back ground genetic and environment factor are less likely to influence Nobel laureates in the natural sciences. Instead of direct inheritance of creativity from their parents, the effort and desires of the parent influences on Nobel laureates motiv ation to achieve creative accomplishment in their science filed (Rothenberg, 2005). The limitation of Rothenbergs study is based on similarity criteria between parent and offspring behavior, of behavioral genetics rather than on a gene-transmission approach. For all that, his thesis is seems to obviously controverts the Galtons idea of direct hereditary transmission of eminent. Rothenbergs study takes into account for derived from a wide cultural and ethnic range as well as from the extended time period of the 20th and 21th centuries, his findings is more reliable then Galtons and weight in an idea that a genius or talent is born when the  relationship  between nature with nurture is reciprocal. This concept of interaction between nature and nurture can be adjusted and useful in the daily life. From relationship parents with their problematic children, as change parents idea, they can be found a breakthrough. Parents complain of raising their difficult children who are self-absorbed, rebellious, inattentive, and violent. They could not understand their children as well as struggle to find an effective solution to their problematic children. The parents have tried to find a proper solution for handle their hard to handle children from many researches and books, but they could not find it. The approach  stance on  nature-nurture will suggests a possible solution to parents who have been suffering from their problem children Parents should know why their children are hard to handle before solve the problem. Babies come into world with unique traits in physical makeup. Even in the fetus period, babies can expose individual differences in the workings of their motor systems and in specific sensory perceptions (Inal YÄ ±dÄ ±z, 2012). Some babies are born with overly sensitive and over reactive or under sensitive and under active. When give a stimulus to them, overly sensitive babies may be taking in and decoding information in a certain sense, otherwise, another may have undergone difficulty with comprehending information through that sense (Inal YÄ ±dÄ ±z). If a child with over sensitive receives a fearful stimulus, he or she may rapidly increase rigid traits to become a problem child. Many children who have suffered that experiences can make a vast difference according to their parents how to relative to them. After analysis and understand their childrens natural characteristics, parent are able to solve their problem through three ways. First of all, it is important that their parents have made an effort to read their childrens physical makeup and signals as well as to support them learn new ways to cope. Secondly, Parents give the right sense of security to their children. When their children are aggressive and overwhelmed, parents console them by using gentle gesture and comfortable verbalizing for they will be comfort themselves by their feelings. Lastly, parents gradually show them how to take charge of their own environment. A child with fixed temperamental characteristics can be significantly adjusted his or her behavior and personality by early caregiving experiences (Slatcher Trentacosta, 2012). In a nutshell, when parents are trying to recognize their childrens personality and traits as well as set their behavior for their childrens temper, their children can remove a tag as dif ficult children of themselves. During the second half of the 20th century, there has made steady progress on the effects of nature, nurture, and developmental processes. Therefore, we are able to understand many of the mechanisms of human gene, behavior, multifactorial human traits and psychiatric disorders (Rutter, 2002). Nature and nurture are not only indivisible but also reciprocal each other. Parents natural specific characteristics such as or genius and creative traits can be influence on their offspring. However, environmental factor also need to fulfill a complete condition. In the front head, genetic and psychosocial research are forecasting to find more strong gene-environment correlations and interactions through the multidisciplinary association studies. Similarly, other fields without direct relative of psychological study will be also expected to lead them developing  their research ideas and  also  to help with funding applications.

Women in the Epic of Beowulf and in Other Anglo-Saxon Poems Essay

The Women in Beowulf and in Other Anglo-Saxon Poems      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are women in these poems active equals of the men? Or are they passive victims of the men? The roles of the women in Beowulf and other Anglo-Saxon poems are not always stereotyped ones of passive homemaker and childbearer and peaceweaver, but sometimes ones giving freedom of choice, range of activity, and room for personal growth and development. Beowulf makes reference to Ingeld and his wife and the coming Heathobard feud: in that hot passion his love for peace-weaver, his wife, will cool (2065-66) This is a rare passage, for Anglo-Saxon poetry rarely mentions romantic feelings toward women. In fact, one’s marital status wasn’t even considered significant. For example, with the hero himself the poet never mentions whether he is married or not, likewise with most characters in the poem. Because this is a poem about the heroic deeds of men, Hildeburh excepted, the feeling between man-and-woman is downplayed, and the feeling among warriors is emphasized. Remember that the poem opens with Scyld Scefing, who came motherless to rule the Danes: than those at his start who set him adrift  when only a child, friendless and cold,  lone on the waves. (44-46) Scyld’s motherlessness perhaps tells the reader that the heroic, superhuman, violent deeds about to transpire are perhaps not all that compatible with women and womanly qualities like passivity, gentleness, compassion. It is a predominantly masculine, rough and tough narrative which would only be detracted from by the presence of many women. Chickering says that women in the poem had â€Å"all the dignity and standing they commanded in Tacitus’ day,† when they were greatly respe... ...im (in the case of Hild). And the language in reference to the women seems to be respectful, non demeaning. Some women have stereotyped roles of passive homemaker and childbearer and peaceweaver, but others, particularly royalty, have freedom of choice, range of activity, and room for personal growth and development. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, Michael, translator. The Earliest English Poems. New York: Penguin Books, 1991. Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York: Anchor Books, 1977. Overing, Gillian R. â€Å"The Women of Beowulf; A context for Interpretation.† In The Beowulf Reader, edited by Peter S. Baker. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000. Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York: Anchor Books, 1977. Tacitus: The Annals of Imperial Rome, translated by Michael Grant. New York: Penguin, 1996.

Ovania Case Analysis

Ovania Chemical Corporation, a producer of specialty chemicals, is taking the initiative to modernize. The modernization will include redesigning jobs performed by employees. The most critical job the company is evaluating for redesign is the position of the System Analyzer. This position is critical to operations because the system analyzer is responsible for monitoring all of the chemical components used in the production of goods. Ovania is looking to automate this position which will require system analyzers to have more technical skills. Overall, the changes the company is implementing will change the tasks, duties, and responsibilities of this position by more than 70 percent. The company anticipates that the transition to this new system will be a two year process. Ovania has already developed a committee to design the potential skill set that they feel will be needed to perform the system analyzer job and testing to evaluate that skill set was developed. Recruiting new applicants for the newly designed position was done internally and externally, with emphasis on recruiting from within the organization, as well as current system analyzers who were willing to retrain, prior to the two year implementation, for their positions. Prescreening for skills and experience were not considered as part of the application process in order to encourage a more diverse pool of applicants. Concern were raised, however, that some protected classes may find the position objectionable based on some of the requirements, such as entering treatment tanks to read gauges because the work is quite dirty. Applicants would be considered based on their performance on aptitude and ability tests. Testing would only take place for skills which the company felt it could not reasonably train an applicant for prior to the two year implementation date. The cutoff score for testing was decided upon and after testing the company has narrowed the pool of applicants to twenty, however he testing itself has been problematic for the organization, because the position is new and no validity or normative data exists to base the testing on. The key issue facing Ovania is the validity of the testing procedure for the new position. Because no prior data exists, Ovania needs to be certain that the criteria selected for testing is actually valid for the position of system analyst. How does a company such as Ovania conduct a job analysis for a position that does not exist yet? By looking at the current position requirements (duties and tasks) as well as the current job description, Ovania can develop guidelines for the new position. While this position will be different from the current job requirements, some of the areas included in the current job analysis will be valid for the new position as well. Any new skills and responsibilities the company anticipates may be required could be researched based on analysis already conducted within the industry for similar jobs. Leaving room for additional requirements and noting that the analysis methods may change as the position develops will also be key, however primary responsibilities and skill sets for applicants should be established based in research specific to the industry and based on similar positions. Did Ovania choose content-valid selection criteria? What other predictors may be useful? Selection criteria used by Ovania is content valid for this position, as it samples the knowledge and skill necessary to perform the job. Ovania may also benefit from learning about applicants previous performance in related positions and physical ability testing for this position. Given the technical nature and level of responsibility required for this position, prior job performance data will be valuable in assessing capability of the applicant. Why not hire someone fully trained now? Ovania has decided that it is willing to train any skills it deems reasonable to be acquired prior to the two year implementation date. The advantage of this approach is that the selected applicant will be trained ccording to the development of the position over that time and will be familiar with the company environment. The disadvantage is the cost of that training to Ovania should the applicant decide to leave or not work out in this position. Should the concern about women getting down into the dirty treatment tanks have been a selection issue? How might you include this factor in a selection battery? The issue of getting in the dirty treatment tanks should not be considered for just female applicants, but should be addressed with all applicants for the position as it is a required part of the position for anyone chosen for the job. This should be part of the developed job description and all applicants selected to be interviewed should be five the description for the position and emphasis made that checking the gauges in the treatment tanks is a mandatory requirement. They should have full understanding that if they are not willing to perform this part of the job they will not be considered for the position as it is necessary to the safety of the plant operations.

Greek Relief essays

Greek Relief essays In general, art is meant to convey the sentiments of a time, and it is obvious that these two pieces are trying to illustrate the epitome of femininity, as designated by Greek community. Both are relief about a woman and both are made at about same time period in 5th century B.C. Marble grave stele of a little girl with doves describes a girl holding two doves saying farewell too them. One can see the sorrow in her eyes as she looks down at the bird saying farewell. Second relief marble relief with a dancing maenad shows a maenad almost in hypnotic status. We also see sorrow in her eyes as she looks down at the floor dancing to some music. Both pictures involve women and both of them are looking down in sorrow. I think the marble grave stele of a little girl with doves main theme could be that it was hard as a girl to live to happily and to the fullest due to the society ¡Ã‚ ¯s view on women. Similarly, in marble relief with a dancing maenad, the main theme could be that bein g a women, doing whatever men wanted them to do, women in general was not satisfied of their status in society. In one word, I believe both statues ¡Ã‚ ¯ main theme is the unfairness and injustice toward women in those times. Marble Grave Stele of a little girl with doves is most likely a symbolic relief. The girl in the relief is holding the doves so dearly not wanting to let them go, but sad because she has no other choice. In ancient Greece, women were not allowed to participate in or even watch the Olympic Games, as the participants did not wear clothes. They did not have voting rights, and only left home to perform religious duties. Olympic Games ceremony closes with the release of doves, symbolizing the spirit of the games. The doves in relief probably have the same meaning as the spirit of the games. The relief tries to show how a woman had to give up attending and competing in Olympics because she was a woman and felt so sorrow. ...

Animal Experimentation essays

Animal Experimentation essays The United States government should come up with alternatives to animal experimentation. The use of animals in research, testing, and education is an issue of increasing concern to the American public. An increasing number of adults and teenagers are concerned about the welfare of laboratory animals. Animal testing, or vivisection, is the testing of cosmetics, drugs, household products and many other everyday items on animals. Vivisection literally means cutting alive. And that is exactly what happens. Every second, of every day, of every year, an animal dies in research labs in the United States. That means that while you have been reading this, about 30 defenseless animals have died in a laboratory (Harris). It is impossible to know the exact number of animals that have died in the name of science. This is due partly to the fact that some scientists refuse to disclose the details of their experiments. However, using the facts that are available, it is estimated that academic researchers in America alone use between 17 and 22 million animals per year. The cosmetics industry uses about a million more animals (Coleman). Animal experimentation is said to be necessary for the welfare and health of humans. This is simply not true. Animal experiments mislead doctors and the general public. Diseases such as cancer, which are artificially induced in laboratory animals, have no relationship to the diseases that affect humans, because these diseases are largely caused by lifestyle and pollution (Vivisection). Many people that are not familiar with the issue of animal experimentation are concerned that if we dont experiment on animals we will be forced to experiment on humans. Isnt this already the case? When we take a new drug, we are part of an experiment, because we differ from the animals on which the drug was tested. Drugs, which have minor or no side effects on animals, have ca ...

Principles of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Principles of Economics - Essay Example At ceteris peribus, an increase in the prices of alcohol will cause a fall in the quantity demanded and consumed of a product (Becker, 2001). This would help mitigate the economic impacts of over consumption of alcohol. However, the economists must put into consideration the fact that the demand curve of alcohol is normally inelastic given the fact that it is addictive. They therefore have to realize that an increase in the tax level may lead to a small decline in the quantity of the product consumed. The second option that can be pursued by an economist is moral persuasion. In this case, economists will prefer explaining the marginal cost and marginal benefits of consuming alcohol. In this case, the marginal cost will be higher than the marginal benefits hence economists will promote campaigns against the use of alcohol (Frank & Bernanke, 2007). They will therefore influence the enactment of legislation to bar teenagers from using alcohol; limit the number of drinking hours among ot her measures that reduce the consumption level. When some drugs are prescribed for use, they will influence the demand and supply of other products. For instance, the demand for products used in the manufacture of a drug will increase if the quantity of the drug prescribed has been increased. ... The elasticity of the two curves will determine the effectiveness of the policies formulated to regulate the performance of the economy. A shift in the supply curve will lead to a change in the new equilibrium point. If the demand curve were inelastic, a huge shift in the supply curve would result into relatively small changes in the equilibrium price (Boyes & Melvin, 2008). Elasticity of the demand curve will therefore influence the economic impact of the shift in the supply curve. For instance, a shift in the supply curve would only result in an increase in the equilibrium price if the demand curve were perfectly inelastic. Policymakers will therefore determine the effectiveness of their decisions when considering the steepness of the demand curve (Frank & Bernanke, 2007). Similarly, the elasticity of the supply curve will influence the net effect of a shift in the demand curve. Where the supply is inelastic, a shift in the demand curve will cause little or no change in the equilib rium quantity because even with an increased demand, suppliers will not be able to expand the quantities supplied. Prices will therefore increase but the quantity supplied will remain relatively constant. The elasticity of either the demand and supply curves are normally important when formulating policies aimed at influencing economic performance i.e. the government can increase the taxes imposed on goods with inelastic demand because this would not significantly affect the amount of the good consumed (Becker, 2001). For an increasing cost industry, entry of a new firm will result in an increase in the unit cost of production. When a firm enters the market, it will cause the prices of the resources used in

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Art History - Essay Example The pieces of art portray the intersection between the cultural history of the artists and the immediate societies, the respective histories, medium, as well as the specific geographical locations. The Ajanta art, for instance, portrays the Indian culture before 1200. This art was started in the 2nd century B.C. It was nevertheless given up in by the 7th century A.D. This art is a product of its context considering that pieces of art, in this case, have been considered the finest instances of Indian art based the Buddhist religious art. Buddhism as a religion was a very important part of the Indian culture during that time. It was thus essential for the religion and its values to be presented in a visual way (Kleiner 433). In light of the religious importance, the art shows figures of Buddha as well as a depiction of the Jataka tales. Using carvings was particularly a great way of ensuring that the message portrayed could last for a very long time and be passed from one generation to another. A useful example of the Ajanta art is painting of Padmapani as shown in fig.1. Another example of art is the Fresco Painting from the Romanesque Europe created during the early Medieval Europe. The method used to produce this art was mural painting, which involved the use wet lime plaster. Water was used for the pigment in merging with the plaster. Upon setting the plaster, the painting was then integrated to the wall. This type of art is attributed to the later Byzantine period (Kleiner 409). It depicts a lot regarding the mobility of techniques and styles of art. A good example is the Chora Monastery restoration and decoration, which depicts the Byzantine artists’ great skills and versatility. The context in which the art was created was religious since a cycle of Life of the Virgin as well as Christ’s Infancy and Ministry of are shown. These religious incidences

Analysis Paper on Hollydazzle Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis on Hollydazzle - Research Paper Example In this situation, since initial costs are the same for both years, it leads to more operating income. In a normal business situation, we cannot expect an operating income during the first few years as one has to invest a thumping amount of initial cost. Even if a business can reach break even point at an early stage, it is a great achievement. As an etailer Hollydazzle has scope for increasing the volume with less effort and costs compared to any other retailer because customers are moving towards this direction faster than ever. 3. Hollydazzle can also consider outsourcing its warehousing and distribution function. It would have to pay MooV, a warehousing and distribution specialist who has worked with other etailers, 6% of total sales. Should Hollydazzle consider outsourcing its warehouse operations What other factors should Kristin, Eric and John consider in making this decision This will enable a business ventures to diversifying the revenue sources. Of course it will look like an additional cost. But this approach will minimize the current expenses by reducing the risk, staff and other resources such as monitoring time. According to Andrew Neitlich (2004), it will 'also lets you take advantage of people you know who might refer you work, even if it is outside your core market'. This is also some kind of Marketing promotion as their word of mouth will also carry some weight in expanding the volume of transactions. MooV seems to have experience in working with other etailers, which is good. Since the major concern of Holludazzle is the etailer than a land-based store business, they can relive from the hassle of land based activities if they could outsource this activity. However, it is at a price, which means they may have to pay 6% of their total sales to them. Instead of just passing it over to MooV, there are few aspects such as advantages and disadvantages Kristin, John and Eric have to consider before coming to any conclusions.

Psychology Essay Essay Example for Free

Psychology Essay Essay Omkar Kawade Charles Ramskov Psychology Essay Perception can be defined as the process of how an organism interprets a sensation. Many psychologists studied different types of perception, such as Constructive Perception (top-down) that was studied by Rock, Neisser, and Gregory. Another approach of perception was the Direct / Ecological (bottom up) which was studied by Gibson. Constructive (top down) perception is an active and deductive reasoning process. It is seen as an obstacle, object, or any matter that changes your perspective of its view. The way you view the object can be in any matter, but usually it connects back to a memory or an experience that you have had before. For example, a person called Eddie is an active user of a social network called Facebook, in which he has many friends, and talks to them very often. In this chat, he uses emoticons that are made up of keyboard functions such as colon and parenthesis â€Å" 🙂 â€Å". If you take this emoticon and rotate it, you will see a smiley face. When Eddie sees this arrangement of keyboard functions, he sees a smiley face. However, Kevin, a person who has no social interaction through the computer and/or Internet, sees this simply as a colon placed next to a right parenthesis sign. Direct Ecological (bottom up) perception is an inductive reasoning process. Gibson stated his theory of bottom up perception was basically visual perception and the information needed was available from the proximal stimulus that was produced by the distal stimulus. In this case, the example is that Kevin looks at the emoticon and sees only a colon and right parenthesis, but to furthermore find more perception in this symbol, top down perception is needed. Bottom up perception is the visual environmental view of what we see and how we interpret and distinguish certain things apart from each other, while top down perception is how we furthermore establish a different meaning for i t.

Thomas Moore Lacked Common Sense :: Philosophy Essays

Thomas Moore Lacked Common Sense Moore was a great philosopher. He really deserves a hand for his proof for an external world. Moore did something that no other philosopher had done before or has done since; he successfully proved the existence of an external world. Not only did he prove the existence of an external world in fact, but he also did it rather briefly and with no further resources necessary than his own two hands. Once one is acquainted with Moore’s proof, it becomes evident almost immediately just how much sense Moore’s â€Å"common sense† makes. To start with, in the proof of an external world, Moore sets some goals. These goals are to â€Å"clarify the problem of the existence of external objects† and to â€Å"prove that external objects exist† (Goldstein 2002, handout). Moore goes on to prove these goals with his brilliant proof of his theories. The proof as a whole is actually two proofs, one being a sub-derivation of the other. It is beneficial to the student of philosophy if they attempt these proofs as the study Moore. The requirements for the first proof are two hands, so anyone attempting this proof needs to acquire two hands. Now, one must follow Moore’s proof exactly, saying first â€Å"here is one hand, and here is another,† then gesturing with both hands (Pojman 2003, 53). It is important that these steps be followed precisely; else, Moore’s proof is not reproduced but is instead bastardized. The conclusion, which follows from this premise, is that there are two hands. The second proof begins with these premises: 1. If there are two hands here, there are physical objects. 2. There are two hands here. 3. If there are physical objects, there are external objects. 4. There are physical objects. The conclusion that follows is, â€Å"Therefore, there are external objects,† (Pojman 2003, 53-54). So, there is no possible argument that could break so sound a logic as this, if the premises are true then they must guarantee the truth of the conclusion if this is a valid argument.

BP and the Deepwater Horizon disaster Essay

Title: The Analysis of BP and the Deepwater Horizon Disaster of 2010 Due Date: 5/5/13 Word Allocation: 2193 excluding executive summary, headings, tables, references and appendices Executive Summary This report provides an examination into British Petroleum (BP) and the Deepwater Horizon disaster of 2010. It looks specifically at the functional area of organizing from POLC and the framework from how communication and communication networks effected the decision making process on the oilrig. The analysis starts by providing a history of BP and what major decisions throughout time contributed to the organizational structure when the disaster occurred. Findings show that the asset federation model adopted in 1995 took away responsibility from BP’s regional operations and subsequently rewarded each individual site for its performance. This meant the managerial decision making process for each site was geared to time and cost efficiencies rather than that of safety. The establishing of a wheel communication network on Deepwater meant that any proposals put for from line staff, with safety as a priority, were being overwritten by the senior team leader as they were passed on. After the disaster occurred, BP established a Safety and Risk division and instilled staff members on each of its rigs to ensure that the safety message was reinforced on its sites. Table of Contents 1. Introduction Managers are responsible for arranging and structuring work to assist in achieving organizational goals (Robins et al. 2012, p. 14). It is determining what tasks are to be completed, who is responsible for them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom and at which level decisions are to be decided (Robins et al. 2012, p. 14). This report analyzes the area of communication and communication networks, from that of the organizing function in POLC (Robins et al. 2012, p. 13), within British Petroleum (BP) and specifically the Deepwater Horizon disaster. It looks at the communication on safety procedures from senior BP officials down to BP sites, the type of communication on key decisions that ultimately led to the sinking of the oilrig and what control measures were put in place to ensure the sustainability of the company. 2. History of BP and the Deepwater Horizon In 2010, BP was one of the United Kingdoms largest corporations and a world leader in the production of energy (Andrew 2010, p. 7). They supplied consumers with fuel for heat, light, transport, petrochemical production and much more (Andrew 2010, p. 7). However in its early years, success and profitability proved quite difficult to obtain (Ingersoll 2012, p. 2). The company that would eventually turn into BP was established in 1909 as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) after William Knox Darcy found oil in Iran after an elongated search (Ingersoll 2012, p. 2). Then in 1914, the British Government felt they needed a dedicated oil supply and purchased 51% stake in the borderline bankrupt corporation (Ingersoll 2012, p. 2). They held  onto the 51% share until the Thatcher government period of prioritization occurred between 1980 and 1990 and this led to the final stake being sold in 1987 (Andrew 2010, p. 7). At this point, performance was still declining and in 1992, after a loss of $811 million, the company decided to take severe cost saving measures (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). Focusing on a streamlined workforce and portfolio of activities, BP’s status started to change significantly in the mid-1990’s (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). 1998 bought the merger with Amoco and in 2000, the acquisition of Arco (Atlantic Richfield CO.) and Burmah Castrol plc highlighted an aggressive growth strategy (Andrew 2010, p. 9). With the renewed focus on growth, BP also began repositioning itself as a more environmentally friendly company and this lead to a new tagline â€Å"Beyond Petroleum† and an official name change to â€Å"BP† (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). This lead to the launch of an Alternative Energy division and between 2005 and 2009, BP invested $4 billion into this area with a total company investment of $982 billion (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). In May 2007, Tony Hayward was appointed Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and his focus was to stem the company growth and reduce production targets (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). Between 2006 and 2009, BP’s workforce fell from 97,000 to 80,300 and four levels of management were cut as Hayward felt too many people were making too many decisions leading to extreme cautiousness (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). However, BP has had a colorful history when it comes to safety within its structures (Andrew 2010, p. 14). In 2005, 15 people were killed and another 180 injured when the BP Texas City refinery exploded (Andrew 2010, p. 14). Then in 2006-2007, BP had to shut down its operations in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska due to over a million liters of oil spilling into the North Slopes via corroded pipelines (Andrew 2010, p. 14). Alaskan state regulators had been warning BP since 2001 that management protocol was out of sync with state regulations and that critical equipment needed to be better sustained (Andrew 2010, p. 15). On the 20th April 2010, a floating semi-submersible Drilling Unit named the Deepwater Horizon, exploded and sunk off the Gulf of Mexico killing 11 people and injuring another 17 (Andrew 2010, p. 16-17). BP had leased the Deepwater Horizon rig from Transocean, an oil based industry support company that specialized in deep water drilling (Ingersoll 2012, p. 1). The rig was hired to complete work on the Macondo well, which BP owned the rights too (Ingersoll 2012, p. 1). Of the 126 on board, 79 were from Transocean, seven from BP and the rest from other firms (Ingersoll 2012, p. 1). As of 2010, the Deepwater Horizon disaster was the biggest marine oil spill to transpire in United States waters with nearly five million barrels of oil leaking into the Gulf of Mexico (Ingersoll 2012, p. 2). Decisions made on the type of well casing, the number of centralizers used and the decision to not perform a cement bond log may have contributed to the well blowing out (Ingersoll 2012, p. 1). However, regardless of the ultimate causes, it is worth examining the communication networks within to obtain exactly where the caution over cost message broke down. 3. Managers and Communication Networks Theory Effective internal and external communication is seen as a requirement for organizational success (Ruck & Welsh 2012, p. 1). Organizations need to constantly assess and enhance communication especially in increasingly difficult economic times (Ruck & Welsh 2012, p. 1). Communication can be broken down into two different areas; formal or informal (Robins et al. 2012, p. 405). Formal communication follows a chain of command that typically takes place within the organizational work arrangements (Robins et al. 2012, p. 405). Informal communication does not take place within the organization hierarchy and typically allows employees to satisfy their social interaction needs along with creating an alternative channel to communicate (Robins et al. 2012, p. 405). However this information can flow in a number of different ways. Communication within an organization can move by the following means; downward, upward, lateral and diagonal (Robins et al. 2012, p. 406-07). Table 1 explains how each type and its definition; Table 1: Types of information flow (Adapted from: Robins et al. 2012, p. 406-07) Reinforcement of information flow encourages employees to speak out and adopt a participative approach (Ahmed 2010, p. 122). Mutual dialogue within an organization contributes to the foundations of shared value and trust (Ahmed 2010, p. 122). Both the vertical and horizontal communication flows within an organization can be combined into a number of different patterns labeled communication networks (Robins et al. 2012, p. 407). Researchers have recognized that basic networks of communication can be classified into different types of interaction (Eunson 2012, p. 116) like those shown in table 2 and 3 below Figure 1: Eunson – Types of Communication Networks (Source: Eunson 2012, p. 117) Figure 2: Robins – Three Common Organizational Communication Networks (Source: Robins et al. 2012, p. 407) When examining the theory listed within this paper compared to the types of communication, flow and communication network structures within BP, we can greater understand exactly what lead to the sinking of the Deepwater vessel. 4. Analysis of Communication Networks between BP and Deepwater BP Senior Management In the late 1980s, BP had several layers of management that fell within a matrix structure that made it problematic for anyone wanting to make a decision quickly (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). As business and overall performance at BP was floundering, Robert Horton decided to cut $750 million form BP’s  annual expenses (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). Horton, who was appointed BP’s CEO in 1989, removed several managerial layers with the intent of speeding up the decision making process and the pace of business (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). The business was transformed into smaller, more flexible teams with the vision of maintaining open streams of communication (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). Horton transferred decision-making authority to the upstream and downstream business divisions and employees at all levels were encouraged to take responsibility and exercise business initiative (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). During the 1990s, John Browne was heading up BP’s Exploration and Production division, BPX (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). He wanted to create a spirit of entrepreneurship amongst his employees and extended the decision-making responsibilities to further levels within the organization (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). Decision making authority and responsibility was no longer held with BP’s regional operating companies and was now completed by the site managers (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). The model was known as Asset Federation and was applied company wide when Browne took over as BP CEO in 1995(Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). The asset federation model compensated employees for the performance of their individual site so there was little incentive to share best practices on risk management amongst various other BP exploration sites (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). Deepwater Communication The benefits of an all channel network or matrix structure are that the leaderless group has constant information flow between all members within the work team (Robins et al. 2012, p. 407). The potential for brainstorming and exchange of information is great within this type of model (Eunson 2012, p. 118). However information overload and irreconcilable differences due to no emergence of a leader can be a downside (Eunson 2012, p. 118) Figure 3: Deepwater Chain of Command (Source: Ingersoll 2012, p. 20) However, when looking at the chain of command on the Deepwater Horizon (see table 4), it could be seen to form a wheel network rather than that of a  matrix structure (see table 3). Typically, wheel communication flows form an identifiable leader at the top of the wheel (Eunson 2012, p. 117). The leader serves as the hub and the flow of information is typically one way but can be two way, dependent on the leaders willingness to accept information (Eunson 2012, p. 117). This can cause the satisfaction of team members to be low compared to that of chain, circle and channel networks (Robins et al. 2012, p. 407). Wheel networks have the disadvantage of being prone to message distortion (Eunson 2012, p. 118). As the message gets passed from one individual to another, or from one level to the next, the message is edited or mangled by the sender in each interaction (Eunson 2012, p. 118). The distortion in the wheel network is visible when looking at the decision making process for the type of well casing and number of centralizers. Decisions in these two areas were relayed by the engineering team leader, Greg Walz (Ingersoll 2012, pp. 10-11). Greg received input from the engineers in the operations unit on what they thought were best safety practices, however final decisions on the projects were ultimately made due to the cost and time savings (Ingersoll 2012, pp. 10-11). The decision makers on the Deepwater had only been in their positions for a minimal amount of time (Ingersoll 2012, p. 9) and this meant that the lessons learned at Texas City and Prudhoe Bay had not reached the Gulf of Mexico site (Reed & Fitzgerald 2010, p. 156). It could be seen that the safety communication message had flowed downward from senior managers to line manager and staff however line managers felt a greater influence to reward cost and time savings. Control Measures On July 27, 2010, BP announced that Bob Dudley would succeed Tony Haward as BP’s Group Chief Executive on October 1, 2010 (EHS Today 2010, p. 17). In light of the Deepwater disaster and to ensure sustainability of the company, BP leadership announced plans to create a new safety division to oversee and audit the organizations operations worldwide on September 29, 2010 (EHS Today 2010, p. 17). The Safety and Risk function has the authority to intervene in all technical aspects of BP activities to ensure that operations are carried out to that of stated common standards (EHS Today  2010, p. 17). Staff will be imbedded in all of BP’s operating units and will report directly to Mark Bly, head of safety and operations (EHS Today 2010, p. 17). Mark reports directly to the CEO, Bob Dudley to ensure the safety message from senior BP officials filters down into each site (EHS Today 2010, p. 17). 5. Conclusion Communication is continually attributed to a vital variable in determining organizational success (Hargie & Tourish 2009, p. 419). Many business issues stem from poor communication procedures and early action and intervention in this area can avert a disaster at a later date (Hargie & Tourish 2009, p. 3). By conducting analysis into the communication and communication networks at BP, we can ascertain that a number of different factors may have contributed to the BP disaster. The asset federation model took away responsibility from BP’s regional operations and subsequently the company’s safety message. The rewarding of each site and its managers for its individual performance further contributed to the dilution of importance on safety. A wheel network with key decision makers who had not been in their roles for very long, meant that lessons learned from past incidents weren’t filtered into the Deepwater Horizon and decisions were made with the view of saving money and time compared to safety. The establishment of the Safety and Risk division immediately after the disaster ensured that the safety message from senior management would be heard within each site and limit the opportunity for a disaster of this magnitude to occur in the future. 6. Reference List Ahmed, Z 2010, ‘Managerial Communication: The Link Between Frontline Leadership And Organizational Performance’, Journal Of Organizational Culture, Communications & Conflict, 14, 1, Health Business Elite, EBSCOhost, viewed 5 May 2013, p. 122 EHS Today 2010, ‘BP Creates New Safety and Risk Division’, 3, 11, Health Business Elite, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2013, p. 17 Eunson, B 2012, Communication in the Workplace, e-book, accessed 05 May 2013, p. 116-118 . Hargie, O & Tourish, D 2009, Auditing Organizational Communication : A Handbook of Research, Theory and Practice, e-book, accessed 05 May 2013, pp. 3, 419. . Ingersoll, C, Locke, RM & Reavis, C 2012, â€Å"BP and the Deepwater Horizon Disaster of 2010†, MIT Sloan Management, pp. 1-4, 9-11, 20 Reed, S & Fitzgerald, A 2010, In Too Deep : BP and the Drilling Race That Took it Down, e-book, accessed 26 April 2013, p. 156 . Robins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012, Management, 6th edn, Pearson Australia, Australia, pp. 13-14, 405-07 Ruck, K & Welch, M 2012, Public Relations Review: Valuing internal communication; management and employee perspectives, Volume 38, Issue 2, June 2012, p. 1 7. List of Figures Figure 1: Eunson – Types of Communication Networks Figure 2: Robins – Three Common Organizational Communication Networks Figure 3: Deepwater Chain of Command 8. List of Tables Table 1: Types of information flow